Human Papillomavirus

The initial clinical trials for the HPV vaccine involved more than 20,000 women aged 16 to 26 from 33 countries. Trials showed that the vaccine is almost 100% effective in preventing abnormalities in cells in the cervix caused by high-risk HPV types 16 and 18. These abnormalities are a proven pre-cursor to cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine is recommended for preteen boys and girls at age 11 or 12 so they are protected before ever being exposed to the virus. HPV vaccine also produces the most infection-fighting cells, or antibodies, during the preteen years. Risks and hypersensitivity to HPV vaccines.  Therapeutic vaccines can be used to treat established HPV infections and could therefore have an immediate effect on the prevalence of HPV-associated malignancies. Therapeutic vaccine strategies aim to eliminate pre-existing lesions and even malignant tumors by generating cell-mediated immunity against HPV-infected cells. Live-vector-based vaccines can be classified into: i) bacterial vectors, such as Salmonella typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes; and ii) viral vectors, such as adenovirus (AdV) and vaccinia virus. The use of vector-based vaccines for the delivery of antigen to dendritic cells (DC) is an appealing strategy for HPV vaccination. An Edible human papilloma virus vaccine obtained by culturing a transformant of an avirulent fission yeast host, wherein the transformant carries a gene encoding an antigenic protein of human papilloma virus introduced therein and accumulates the expressed antigenic protein in it. Safety and Immunogenicity of the Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in HPV.  Vaccines storage and handling safety measures. A major step forward in helping protect millions of people in developing countries against HPV and cervical cancer.

Types of infection causes by papillomavirus. Warts are skin growths that are caused by the human papillomavirus. HPV stimulates quick growth of cells on the skin's outer layer. In most cases, common warts appear on the fingers, near the fingernails, or on the hands. Planter warts, Skin warts, Genital Warts, Flat warts, Squamous cell Papilloma. Cervical dysplasia  refers to abnormal changes in the cells on the surface of the cervix. Respiratory papillomatosis known as Laryngeal papillomonas is characterized by the growth of tumours in the respiratory tract caused by HPV.  Epidermodysplasia verruciformis inherited disorder that predisposes patients to widespread HPV infection and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Nonanogenital mucosal disease occurs in the nares, mouth, larynx and conjunctiva.

HPV found in the mouth and throat is called “Oral HPV.” Some types of oral HPV (known as “high risk types”) can cause cancers of the head and neck area. Other types of oral HPV (known as “low risk types”) can cause warts in the mouth or throat. Head and neck cancers that happen as a result of HPV infection occur in the part of the throat that includes the the base of the tongue and the tonsils. About 95 percent of anal cancers are caused by HPV. Most of these are caused by HPV type 16. HPV causes about 65 percent of vaginal cancers, 50 percent of vulvar cancers, and 35 percent of penile cancers. Most of these are caused by HPV type 16.

Most women do not have any signs or symptoms of a precancer or early-stage cervical cancer. Symptoms usually do not appear until the cancer has spread to other tissues and organs. Also, symptoms may also be caused by a medical condition that is not cancer. Scope of the problem, In developed countries, programmes are in place which enable women to get screened, making most pre-cancerous lesions identifiable at stages when they can easily be treated. 5-year survival rates ranged from 93% for cancers detected early to 15% for cancers that were widespread.  Early treatment prevents up to 80% of cervical cancers in these countries. In developing countries, limited access to effective screening means that the disease is often not identified until it is further advanced and symptoms develop. The stage of cervical cancer refers to the extent to which it has spread. Survival rates are often based on previous outcomes of large numbers of people who had the disease.

Several risks factors increase the chance of developing cervical cancer, which includes HPV infection, smoking, Immunosuppression, being overweight, long-term use of oral contraceptives, etc.,. HPV causes the production of 2 proteins known as E6 and E7 which turn off some tumor suppressor genes. This may allow the cervical lining cells to grow too much and to develop changes in additional genes, which in some cases will lead to cancer. Since the most common form of cervical cancer starts with pre-cancerous changes, there are 2 ways to stop or prevent  this disease from developing. One way is to find and treat pre-cancers before they become true cancers, and the other is to prevent the pre-cancers in the first place. Smoking develops squamous cell cervical cancer. Researchers have found cancer causing chemicals from cigarette smoke in the cervical mucus of women who smoke. One third of all cancer deaths in each year, are linked to diet and physical activity. Therefore to reduce the risk of developing certain types of cancers, its important to maintain diet and physical activity.

Common types of treatments for Cervical cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted-therapy. The stage of a cervical cancer is the most important factor in choosing treatment. However, other factors that affect this decision include the exact location of the cancer within the cervix, the type of cancer (squamous cell or adenocarcinoma), age, overall physical condition, and whether want to have children. Women treated for cervical cancer may experience a range of physical side effects and changes. They include bladder problems, bowel problems, lymphoedema, fertility problems and menopause. Having cervical cancer is physically draining, but it can also be emotionally draining as well. After the treatment for Cervical cancer, they have to follow-up. For some women with cervical cancer, treatment may remove or destroy the cancer. Completing treatment can be both stressful and exciting. You might be relieved to finish treatment, but find it hard not to worry about cancer coming back. Cancer survivors can be affected by a number of health problems, but often their greatest concern is facing cancer again. Some of the treatments can cause physical changes which can affect a women’s sexual life but many of these effects can be prevented or treated.

Three vaccines are available for the prevention of HPV-associated dysplasias and neoplasia, including cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancer; genital warts (condylomata acuminata); and precancerous genital lesions. Human papillomavirus vaccine, nonavalent (Gardasil 9), Human papillomavirus vaccine, quadrivalent (Gardasil), Human papillomavirus vaccine, bivalent (Cervarix). Advances in primary and secondary interventions for cervical cancer: human papillomavirus prophylactic vaccines and testing. Safety of HPV vaccine during pregnancy, currently there are two inactive recombinant HPV vaccines available. Although the National Advisory Committee on Immunization recommends not using the vaccine in pregnant women, inadvertent exposures during pregnancy do occur. Recommended schedule for administering HPV vaccine, dosage of vaccine, vaccine series, minimum intervals of doses of vaccines should be monitored. Contraindications may include History of a severe (anaphylactic) reaction to a vaccine component or following a previous dose and pregnancy. Advancement in HPV vaccines: Nine-valent HPV Vaccine May Prevent Nearly 90 Percent of Cervical Cancers.

Some of the 30 or so types of HPV associated with genital cancers can lead to cancer of the anus or penis in men. Both of these cancer types are rare, especially in men with a healthy immune system. To diagnose genital warts in men, the doctor will visually check a man's genital area to see if warts are present. Some doctors will apply a vinegar solution to help identify warts that aren't raised and visible. There is no treatment for HPV infection in men, when genital warts appear,treatments like radiation, chemotherapy and surgery for anal cancer can be done. The HPV vaccine Gardasil, approved for use in females in 2006, was approved for males in 2009. More recently, the FDA approved Gardasil 9. Gardasil 9 is approved for use in males ages 9 to 15. Abstinence is the only sure way to prevent HPV transmission.

Condyloma acuminatum refers to an epidermal manifestation attributed to the epidermotropic Human Papillomavirus. Approximately 90% of condyloma acuminata are related to HPV types 6 and 11. Most patients with anal condylomata present with minor complaints. The most frequent complaint is that of perianal growth. Physical examination may reveal the classic cauliflower-like lesion. Due to the risk for communicability, as well as the risk for the development of squamous cell carcinoma, lesions should generally be treated. Treatment includes Folklore, topical methods, Immunologic Methods, Surgical Techniques.

If the HPV infection has caused abnormal cell changes, there are main papilloma treatments like Cryotheraphy, which involves freezing the abnormal cells with liquid nitrogen. Conisation, a procedure also known as a cone biopsy, which removes the abnormal areas. Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure (LEEP), when the abnormal cells are removed with an electrical current. Surgeries to remove some abnormal cells from cervix. Alternatives to surgery are needed for the treatment of vulvar epithelial neoplasia is the treatment with imiquimod 5% cream, a topical immune response modulator. The effect of highly active Antiretroviral therapy on human papillomavirus clearance and cervical cytology.

4th International conference on Clinical Microbiology & Microbial Genomics, Oct 05-07, Philadelphia, USA; 5th World Congress on Virology December 07-09, 2015 Atlanta, USA;International Conference on Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy July 28-30, 2016 Melbourne, Australia; 2nd International Conference on Retroviruses & Novel Drugs June 30-July 01, 2016 Cape Town, South Africa ;7th World Congress on Virology November 21-23, 2016 Baltimore, USA;6th World Congress on Cancer Therapy December 01-03, 2016 Baltimore, USA;  Viruses, Basel, Switzerland; Clinical Virology Symposium, Dayton Beach, Florida; Society for Virology, Munster, Germany; European Congress of Virology, Hamburg, Germany; American Society for Virology- Annual Meeting, Blacksburg, US

Immune response modifiers have immunomodulatory effects and are used for treatment of external anogenital warts (EGWs) or condylomata acuminata. Keratolytic agents are used to aid in removal of keratin in hyperkeratotic skin disorders, including corns, ichthyoses, common warts, flat warts, and other benign verrucae.  Antineoplastics &  Antimetabolites interfere with nucleic acid synthesis and inhibit cell growth and proliferation.  New topical skin products like Sinecatechins which has gained FDA approval for genital warts. Complications of  HPV treatment are rare. They are generally confined to the HPV treatment site and include scarring and, in the case of genital warts, vulvodynia or hyperesthesia.

A key ingredient in successful entrepreneurship is self-knowledge. HPV-2016 aims to bring together all existing and budding bio entrepreneurs to share experiences and present new innovations and challenges in microbiological community. Each year, over a million companies are started in the world with about 5–10 of them classified as high technology companies. Turning ideas into business ventures is tricky and the opportunity-recognition step is critical in new venture creation. This gestalt in the entrepreneur's perception of the relationship between the invention and final product is refined into a business model that describes how the venture will make money or provide an appropriate return to the potential investors. Biological science is complex and rapidly changing and requires a specialized knowledge to understand the value of the innovation and its competitive position in the industry. Although life scientists are typically the founders of biotech companies, studies have shown that the most successful high tech startups are founded by a team of two to three individuals with mixed backgrounds, substantial industry experience and a very clear market and product focus at founding. This three day community-wide conference will be a highly interactive forum that will bring experts in areas ranging from structural microbiology to signaling pathways to novel therapeutic approaches to the scientific hub. In addition to our outstanding speakers, we will also showcase short talks and poster presentations from submitted abstracts.The speakers will discuss how microbes can be engineered to report using computational inputs from their local environment. This session will include combined efforts of cutting edge synthetic biology research to highlight the current state, challenges and future of engineered microbial communities.